But a kingdom, however well-ordered internally, does not exist in a vacuum. Beyond its borders lie other kingdoms—some friendly, some hostile, some waiting to see which way the wind blows. Chapters 1 and 2 of Book VI introduce the foundational concept of Kautilyan foreign policy: the rajamandala, the circle of kings.

The Rig Veda consists of 1,028 hymns grouped into 10 books called Maṇḍalas. Its verses express praise, philosophical inquiry, and deep yearning for prosperity, protection, and truth. Over this series, we will explore the Rig Veda hymn by hymn, beginning with the very first one.

Chapters 1 through 5 of Book V turn to this world. Kautilya addresses the conduct expected of the king's servants—their discretion, their loyalty, their financial honesty, and their skill in managing the king's affairs.